Developing Technologies in the TV and Film Industries

3DTV Current developments-
A 3D television (3DTV) is a television set that employs techniques of 3D presentation, such as stereoscopic capture, multi-view capture, or 2D-plus-depth, and a 3D display – a special viewing device to project a television program into a realistic three-dimensional field. This is the latest technology to do with television. 3D tv is meant to be more realistic for the viewers, but in order to watch 3d tv you have to wear 3d glasses. In the UK there is only a few things that are broadcasted in 3D, so not everyone will have a 3D TV.

Satellite -
Satellite TV is what most people have, its the communications satellite thats received by usually a outdoor satellite dish. Satellite provides people with a wide range of channels and radio stations, but they do not get channels that Sky have or some certain channels otherwise they would have to pay extra to get them. 

Cable - 
Cable television is a system of providing television programs to consumers via radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted to televisions through coaxial cables or digital light pulses through fixed optical fibers located on the subscriber's property, much like the over-the-air method used in traditional broadcast television (via radio waves) in which a television antenna is required. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephony, and similar non-television services may also be provided. The major difference is the change of radio frequency signals used and optical connections to the subscriber property.
Most television sets are cable-ready and have a cable television tuner capable of receiving cable TV already built-in that is delivered as an analog signal.

Digital-Analogue -
Analogue television is the analog transmission that involves the broadcasting of encoded analog audio and analog video signal: one in which the message conveyed by the broadcast signal is a function of deliberate variations in the amplitude and/or frequency of the signal.

Digital television (DTV) is the transmission of audio and video by digital signals, in contrast to the analog signals used by analog TV. Many countries are replacing broadcast analog television with digital television to allow other uses of the television radio spectrum.

Film-Based -

Film Based TV is basically just CGI. Computer-generated imagery (CGI) is the application of the field of computer graphics or, more specifically, 3D computer graphics to special effects in art, video games, films, television programs, commercials, simulators and simulation generally, and printed media. The visual scenes may be either dynamic or static.
The term computer animation refers to dynamic CGI rendered as a movie. The term virtual world refers to agent-based, interactive environments.
3D computer graphics software is used to make computer-generated imagery for movies, etc. Recent availability of CGI software and increased computer speeds have allowed individual artists and small companies to produce professional-grade films, games, and fine art from their home computers. This has brought about an Internet subculture with its own set of global celebrities, clichés, and technical vocabulary.

 Interactive -

Interactive television (generally known as ITV or sometimes as iTV when used as branding) describes a number of techniques that allow viewers to interact with television content as they view it.
Sky Active is the brand name for interactive features on Sky Digital and is available in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. It enables a viewer to interact with TV content, respond to an advertisement or access internet-based services.
It can be accessed by pressing the red button on a Sky Digital remote, while watching any Sky Digital Channel. Alternatively, there is an entry in the "Interactive" area of the EPG. In the UK we also have 4od (Channel 4 On Demand) this is basically anything we want to watch we can find on the website and watch it or play it.

Internet/on-demand viewing/streaming content -
Internet television (otherwise known as Internet TV, or Online TV) is the digital distribution of television content via the Internet. It should not be confused with Web television - short programs or videos created by a wide variety of companies and individuals, or Internet protocol television (IPTV) - an emerging internet technology standard for use by television broadcasters. Some Internet television is known as catch-up TV. Internet Television is a general term that covers the delivery of television shows and other video content over the internet, typically by major traditional television broadcasters. It does not describe a technology used to deliver content (see Internet protocol television). Internet television has become very popular through services such as BBC iPlayer, 4oD, ITV Player (also STV Player and UTV Player) and Demand Five in the United Kingdom;
Streaming content is just when you can access multimedia through the internet etc. as it is streaming constantly.

high definition, 

Digital Records-
Digital TV recorders are similair to video recorders in that you can record television programmes to watch at a later date.  Some other benefits of the new digital tv recorders are as follows;

• Pause and rewind live tv
• Recording a complete series in one touch
• Viewing electronic program guides.

The Sky+ HD Box can record up to 60 Gigabytes of programming, record entire series through series link, record up to two programms simultaneously and many more.  Virgin TV uses the TiVo technology which can be viewed at the link below;

Pay Per View -
Pay-per-view (PPV) provides a service by which a television audience can purchase events to view via private telecast. The broadcaster shows the event at the same time to everyone ordering it (as opposed to video-on-demand systems, which allow viewers to see recorded broadcasts at any time). Events can be purchased using an on-screen guide, an automated telephone system, or through a live customer service representative. Events often include feature films, sporting events and entertainment.
Sky in the UK have the channel SkyBoxOffice for their pay per view options.

Regulation of the Media Sector

 Regulatory and professional bodies:

British Board of Film Classification (BBFC)
The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), originally British Board of Film Censors, is a non-governmental organisation, funded by the film industry and responsible for the national classification of films within the United Kingdom. It has a statutory requirement to classify videos, DVDs and some video games under the Video Recordings Act 2010.

British Video Association
The BVA was established 30 years ago to represent the interests of publishers and rights owners of pre-recorded video entertainment. The BVA is a professional organisation which looks after, people who work within the video and media industry.

Film Distributors Association
Film Distributors' Association Ltd. (FDA) is the trade body for theatrical film distributors in the UK - the companies that release films for UK  cinema audiences.Originally established in London in 1915, FDA liaises and works with many individuals, companies and organisations. FDA's Council, or board, comprising a senior representative of each member company, normally meets six times a year and considers only matters of generic interest to film distributors.

Video Standards Council (VSC)
The VSC was established in 1989

Television, Radio and Telecommunications Office for Communication (Ofcom)

Trading Standards Central,

Trading Standards Nets,

Press Complaints Commission (PCC)
The Press Complaints Commission (PCC) is a voluntary regulatory body for British printed newspapers and magazines, consisting of representatives of the major publishers. The PCC is funded by the annual levy it charges newspapers and magazines. It has no legal powers - all newspapers and magazines voluntarily contribute to the costs of, and adhere to the rulings of, the Commission, making the industry self-regulating.

Advertising Standards Authority (ASA)
The ASA is the UK's independent regulator of advertising across all media, including
marketing on websites. We work to ensure ads are legal, decent, honest and truthful by applying the Advertising Codes.

 

The Mobile Entertainment Forum (MEF)
MEF shapes the industry, connects thought leaders, drives monetisation opportunities and provides competitive advantage to our members in order to build a robust, trusted and secure mobile content & commerce future.

The Independent Games Developers Association (IGDA)
TIGA (The Independent Game Developers’ Association) is the national trade association representing the business and commercial interests of video and computer game developers in the UK and Europe. Its counterpart representing software publishers in the UK is ELSPA.

British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA)BAFTA is the leading independent charity supporting, developing and promoting the art forms of the moving image in the UK - from Film and Television to Video Games and Interactive Media.

Commercial Radio Companies Association (CRCA)

The Radio Academy is a registered charity dedicated to the encouragement, recognition and promotion of excellence in UK radio broadcasting and audio production.

The International Visual Communication Association (IVCA)The International Visual Communications Association exists to represent its members to Government and other stakeholding bodies and to promote effective business and public service communications of the highest ethical and professional standards.
The Association aims to be a centre of excellence for best communication practice and works with production companies, freelancers, support service providers and clients of the industry to represent their interests and help maximize their competitiveness and professionalism.

Worldwide Web Consortium (W3C)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community where Member organizations, a full-time staff, and the public work together to develop Web standards. Led by Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee and CEO Jeffrey Jaffe, W3C's mission is to lead the Web to its full potential. Contact W3C for more information.

British Web Design and Marketing Association

British Interactive Multimedia Association (BIMA)
With offices in England, Scotland, Wales and with our regional representatives spread across the country BIMA exists to do three key things...

• Support and promote the British digital industry
• Share knowledge and best practice
• Reward great work and encourage the next generation

Regulatory issues:

Ownership- is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over property, which may be an object, land/real estate or intellectual property. Ownership involves multiple rights, collectively referred to as title, which may be separated and held by different parties. An example is swhen Ofcom and the government had to decide whether rupet murdock and news corporation should be allowed to buy the remaining of Sky.

Monopoly - This would mean that if there was a large company that wanted to buy lots of smaller companies out then they could do this. But it also means that they would have alot of competition with the other big companies.

Access - If a certain channel wants to have a liscense then they have to make sure their channel can be accessed all over the country. For example, if people in

Consumer Choice - Consumer choice is when

Freedom of Information - Freedom of information legislation comprises laws that guarantee access to data held by the state. They establish a "right-to-know" legal process by which requests may be made for government-held information, to be received freely or at minimal cost, barring standard exceptions.

Censorship - Censorship is when there is certain programmes or films that have innopropriate footage in it. So if its not suitable for the viewers then they have to censor them parts.

Taste and Decency -

Ethical and Legal Constraints within the Media Sector

Ethical-
RepresentationRepresentation refers to the construction in any medium (especially the mass media) of aspects of ‘reality’ such as people, places, objects, events, cultural identities and other abstract concepts. Such representations may be in speech or writing as well as still or moving pictures.






Legal-
Broadcasting Act 1990 -The Broadcasting Act 1990 is a law of the British parliament. This act informs broadcasters what they can and cant put into their work. To breach this law an example would be using inappropriate language on a childrens programme. 

Officials Secrets Act 1989- This act was created by the parliament to make sure that if there was importanyt information about the government that can affect national security, non of this would be repeated to anyone that it shouldnt. An example of breaching this law would be when Prince Harry joined the army and a magazine publishing this so everyone found out

Obscene Publications Act- This act is an act of parliament reformed to make sure obscenity is not contained in magazines or newspapers and also what consitutes obscenity. An example of breaching this law a shop keeper putting rude magazines under the counter which means that children can see them.

Films Act - Legislation concerning film finance and defining 'British films'
Video Recordings Act -The Video Recordings Act 1984 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was passed in 1984. It states that commercial video recordings offered for sale or for hire within the UK must carry a classification that has been agreed upon by an authority designated by the Home Office.

The Race Relations Act 1976 -was established by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to prevent discrimination on the grounds of race. An example of breaching this law would be if someone that worked for the BBC that only hired white people.

The Human Rights Act 1998 (c 42) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom which received Royal Assent on 9 November 1998, and mostly came into force on 2 October 2000. Its aim is to "give further effect" in UK law to the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights. The Act makes available in UK courts a remedy for breach of a Convention right, without the need to go to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. An example of breaching this law would be if a group of people wanted to meet up in a public place and someone tried stopping this.

Licensing Act 2003 - The Licensing Act of 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that applies only to England and Wales. The Act establishes a single integrated scheme for licensing premises which are used for the sale or supply of alcohol, to provide regulated entertainment, or to provide late night refreshment. Permission to carry on some or all of these licensable activities will now be contained in a single licence — the premises licence — replacing several different and complex schemes. An example of breaching this law would be showing premier league football from a different station thats illegal.

Privacy Law - Refers to the laws which deal with the regulation of personal information about individuals which can be collected by governments and other public as well as private organizations and its storage and use. An example of breaching this law would be if a newspaper hacked somebodies phone in order to gather news information.

Copyright Law -is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, giving the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time. Generally, it is "the right to copy", but also gives the copyright holder the right to be credited for the work, to determine who may adapt the work to other forms, who may perform the work, who may financially benefit from it, and other, related rights. It is an intellectual property form (like the patent, the trademark, and the trade secret) applicable to any expressible form of an idea or information that is substantive and discrete. An example of breaching this law would be illegal downloading of music.

Libel Law - laws stating that no slander or detamation shall be aimed at one particular individual or group etc. An example of breaching this law would be saying bad things about people in the media without proof.


The News International phone-hacking scandal is an ongoing controversy involving mainly the News of the World but also other British tabloid newspapers published by News International, a subsidiary of News Corporation. Employees of the newspaper were accused of engaging in phone hacking, police bribery, and exercising improper influence in the pursuit of publishing stories. Investigations conducted from 2005–2007 concluded that the paper's phone hacking activities were limited to celebrities, politicians and members of the British Royal Family. However, in July 2011, it was revealed that the phones of murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler, relatives of deceased British soldiers, and victims of the 7/7 London bombings were also accessed, resulting in a public outcry against News Corporation and owner Rupert Murdoch. Advertiser boycotts contributed to the closure of the News of the World on 10 July, ending 168 years of publication.

The British Board of Film Classification is an independent, non-governmental body which has classified cinema films since it was set up in 1912 and videos/ DVDs since the Video Recordings Act was passed in 1984. The BBFC make sure that evert video game, DVD, cinema film are classified.

Ofcom is the communications regulator. We regulate the TV and radio sectors, fixed line telecoms and mobiles, plus the airwaves over which wireless devices operate.

Pixar –

Pixar Animation Studios, pronounced /pɪksɑr/, is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California. The studio has earned 26 Academy Awards, seven Golden Globes, and three Grammy Awards, among many other awards and acknowledgments. Its films have made over $6.3 billion worldwide. It is best known for its CGI-animated feature films created with Photorealistic Render Man, its own implementation of the industry-standard Render Man image-rendering application programming interface used to generate high-quality images. Pixar was founded in 1979 but at this time it was named as Graphics Group. Eventually, on February 3^rd in 1986 it became Pixar.

The Three founders of Pixar were:

 Ed Catmull

Alvy Ray Smith

Steve Jobs (incorporation as Pixar)

Pixar was founded as the Graphics Group, one third of the Computer Division of Lucas film that was launched in 1979 with the hiring of Dr. Ed Catmull from the New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), where he was in charge of the Computer Graphics Lab (CGL). At NYIT, the researchers had pioneered many of the CG techniques and worked on an experimental film called The Works. After moving to Lucas film, the team worked on creating the precursor to Render Man, called Motion Doctor, which allowed traditional cell animators to use computer animation with minimal training. Pixar merged with Lucasfilm in 1979, this is where it all began with Pixar as the Graphics Group, and this was before it was acquired by Apple by the co-founder Steve Jobs in 1986. Later after, The Walt Disney Company bought the company Pixar in 2006 which came up to a massive amount of $7.4 billion; this transaction made Steve Jobs the largest shareholder in Disney. Pixar has produced twelve feature films, beginning with Toy Story in 1995. It was followed by A Bug's Life in 1998, Toy Story 2 in 1999, Monsters, Inc. in 2001, Finding Nemo in 2003, The Incredibles in 2004, Cars in 2006, Ratatouille in 2007, WALL-E in 2008, Up in 2009, Toy Story 3 (to date, the highest-grossing animated film of all-time, grossing over $1 billion worldwide) in 2010, and Cars 2 in 2011. Eleven of the films have received critical and financial success, with the notable exception being Cars 2, which received substantially less praise than Pixar's previous films. The $602 million average gross of their films is by far the highest of any studio in the industry. These were all massive films in the public, which made Pixar very popular in the industry. Pixar was presented the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement by the Biennale Venice Film Festival, which is a massive deal and was presented to the founder of Lucasfilm, George Lucas, on September 6^th 2009.

TV Funding –

Public Service Broadcasters (BBC)

BBC is an example of a public service broadcasters, the main way that BBC make their money is by the License Fee as BBC are not a biased company and do not broadcast any adverts for products etc.  Another way a Public service broadcaster would get their profit would be by syndicating their programmes; this means that the company would sell their programmes to other channels for money. BBC would also do things such as, competitions, this is a good way to make money as it gives viewers a chance to win and also brings in a lot of money as the questions etc would be very easy which means more people will enter in for the competition.

Commercial Broadcasters (ITV, 5)

ITV is an example of a Commercial Broadcaster; commercial broadcasters do not have a license fee. They make their money by advertising; this is a good way to make profit as each advert would be on a lot of times a day which means the company is bringing in a lot of money. Commercial Broadcasters also do syndications as they sell their programmes to other companies for money. Channel 5 recently bought Big Brother off Channel 4; this was good as it gives Channel 5 a chance to renew and make improvements on the certain programme.   This kind of broadcaster has competitions which bring in profit as they would provide viewers with a question that 99% of the public will know. This means that there will be a lot of people calling in costing themselves money.

Public Service and part Commercial Broadcasters (Channel 4)

Channel 4 is an example of a public service and part commercial broadcaster, as it mixes between the two. So this means that Channel 4 is biased but for both sides of the media.  Channel 4 has a small part of the license fee but not a very big amount as only Public Service broadcasters have their main bit in the license fee. However, this helps make profit as it means everyone who wants to watch these channels has to pay a certain amount for it. Channel 4 also has advertising, syndication, competitions, merchandising and associated products.

Subscriber broadcasters (Sky, Virgin)

Subscriber broadcasters are funded through having subscriptions, this means that you would have to pay a certain amount to the broadcaster and then you will get everything on it, all the programmes etc. This is a good way of funding as its making an agreement with the customer to keep using that certain broadcaster as it has everything they will need on it and it comes out of the customers’ money every month. Subscriber broadcasters also have advertising, syndication, on selling of the rights to their licensed programmes, competitions, merchandising and associated products.

Film Financing –

Film finance is an aspect of film production that occurs during the development stage prior to pre-production, and is concerned with determining the potential value of a proposed film. In the United States, the value is typically based on a forecast of revenues over a ten- to 15-year period, beginning with theatrical release, and including DVD sales, and release to cable broadcast television networks both domestic and international and inflight airline licensing.

Government Grants –

A number of governments run programs to subsidise the cost of producing films. For example, in the United Kingdom the UK Film Council provides funding to producers provided certain conditions are met. States such as Louisiana, Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and New Mexico, will provide a subsidy or tax credit provided all or part of a film is filmed in that state. Governments are willing to provide these subsidies as they hope it will attract creative individuals to their territory and stimulate employment. Also, a film shot in a particular location can have the benefit of advertising that location to an international audience. Government subsidies are often pure grants, where the government expects no financial return.

Tax Schemes -

A number of countries have introduced legislation that has the effect of generating enhanced tax deductions for producers or owners of films. Schemes are created which effectively sell the enhanced tax deductions to wealthy individuals with large tax liabilities. The individuals pay the producer a fee in order to obtain the tax deductions. The individual will often become the legal owner of the film or certain rights relating to the film, but the producer will in substance continue as the real owner of the economic rights to exploit the film. Governments are beginning to recognise that enhanced tax deductions are an inefficient way of supporting the film industry. Too much of the tax benefit is siphoned off by promoters of the tax scheme. Also, films with little commercial or artistic merit are produced simply to generate tax deductions. In 2007 the United Kingdom government introduced the Producer's Tax Credit which results in a direct cash subsidy from the treasury to the film producer. For example, many wealthy people do a tax scheme by investing in films which means their money goes to the people who are making this film instead of the Government, by doing this, this means they will get money if the certain film they have chose to invest in, does really well in the industry then they will get profit out of it instead of loosing money by giving it to the tax from the Government.

Debt Finance –

A debt is an obligation owed by one party (the debtor) to a second party, the creditor; usually this refers to assets granted by the creditor to the debtor, but the term can also be used metaphorically to cover moral obligations and other interactions not based on economic value. A debt is created when a creditor agrees to lend a sum of assets to a debtor. Debt is usually granted with expected repayment; in modern society, in most cases, of the original sum plus interest. In finance, debt is a means of using anticipated future purchasing power in the present before it has actually been earned. Some companies and corporations use debt as a part of their overall corporate finance strategy.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Equity Finance –

In accounting and finance, equity is the residual claim or interest of the most junior class of investors in assets, after all liabilities are paid. If liability exceeds assets, negative equity exists. In an accounting context, Shareholders' equity (or stockholders' equity, shareholders' funds, shareholders' capital or similar terms) represents the remaining interest in assets of a company, spread among individual shareholders of common or preferred stock. At the start of a business, owners put some funding into the business to finance operations. This creates a liability on the business in the shape of capital as the business is a separate entity from its owners. Businesses can be considered, for accounting purposes, sums of liabilities and assets; this is the accounting equation. After liabilities have been accounted for the positive remainder is deemed the owner's interest in the business. This definition is helpful in understanding the liquidation process in case of bankruptcy. At first, all the secured creditors are paid against proceeds from assets. Afterward, a series of creditors, ranked in priority sequence, have the next claim/right on the residual proceeds. Ownership equity is the last or residual claim against assets, paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get enough money to pay their bills, nothing is left over to reimburse owners' equity. Thus owners' equity is reduced to zero. Ownership equity is also known as risk capital or liable capital.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

BBC

BBC –

BBC is a cross-media company as it broadcasts different types of media such as television, radio, publishing and the Internet. However, BBC mainly focuses on television. BBC is a public service broadcaster and alltogether costs £145.50 for its TV Licesense. Per month approximately £7.96 goes on Television itself.  BBC do not have any advertising at breaks on television, this means that this company is not a biased company as it has no advertising .

BBC 1- BBC One's remit is to be the BBC's most popular mixed-genre television service across the UK, offering a wide range of high-quality programmes. It should be the BBC's primary outlet for main UK and international actions and it should reflect the whole of the UK in its output. A very high quantity of its programmes should be original productions. 

BBC 2 - BBC Two's remit is to be a mixed-genre channel appealing to a broad adult audience with programmes of depth and substance. It should carry the greatest amount and range of knowledge-building programming of any BBC television channel, complemented by distinctive comedy, drama and arts programming.

BBC 3 -The remit of BBC Three is to bring younger audiences to high-quality public service broadcasting through a mixed-genre schedule of innovative UK content featuring new UK talent. The channel should use the full range of digital platforms to deliver its content and to build an interactive relationship with its audience.

BBC 4 - The remit of BBC Four is to be a mixed-genre television channel for all adults, offering an ambitious range of innovative, high-quality output that is intellectually and culturally enriching. Its focus should be on the provision of factual and arts programming.

CBBC - The remit of CBBC is to provide a wide range of high-quality, distinctive content for 6–12 year olds, including drama, entertainment, comedy, animation, news and factual. The great majority of this content should be produced in the UK. The remit of CBBC is to provide a wide range of high-quality, distinctive content for 6–12 year olds, including drama, entertainment, comedy, animation, news and factual. The great majority of this content should be produced in the UK.

Cbeebies - The remit of CBeebies is to offer high-quality, mostly UK-produced programmes to educate and entertain the BBC's youngest audience. The service should provide a range of programming designed to encourage learning through play in a consistently safe environment for children under six years old.

BBC News Channel - BBC News Channel should deliver up-to-the-minute, accurate, impartial and independent news, analysis and insight. It should provide fast and comprehensive coverage of local, UK and international events as they unfold and specialist analysis to put the news in context.

BBC Parliament - The remit of BBC Parliament is to make accessible to all the work of the UK's parliamentary and legislative bodies and the European Parliament. The service should also analyse and set in context the issues and politics behind parliamentary debates.

BBC Red Button - The remit of BBC Red Button is to offer continuous and constantly updated news, information, education and entertainment to digital television audiences in the form of interactive video, audio, pictures and text. BBC Red Button should offer content which supports and enhances some linear television programmes. It should be an access and navigation point for BBC non-linear television and radio content, offering supporting material and enhancements for linear broadcast output.

BBC HD - The remit of the BBC HD channel is to offer a mixed-genre schedule of programming in high-definition (HD) format, most of which has been originated by the BBC's other television channels.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/

Time Warner-

Time Warner (formerly AOL Time Warner) is one of the world's largest media companies, headquartered in the Time Warner Center in New York City. Previously two separate companies, Warner Communications, Inc. and Time Inc., (along with the assets of a third company, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.) form the current Time Warner, with major operations in film, television and publishing. Among its subsidiaries are New Line Cinema, Time Inc., HBO, Turner Broadcasting System, The CW Television Network, TheWB.com, Warner Bros., Kids' WB, Cartoon Network, Boomerang, Adult Swim, CNN, DC Comics, Hanna-Barbera, Cartoon Network Studios and Castle Rock Entertainment. The merger of time inc and Warner communications was accounced on march 4, 1989 then in the same year paramount communications launched a 12.2 billion hostile bid to acquire time in time inc, has numerous holdings in a range of media. In this media it includes, television, movies, publishing, games and websites. These different types of media are divided into four different main divisions: Time Inc, Home Box Office (HBO), Turner Broadcasting System and Warner Bros Entertainment. HBO has a lot of channels, including but not limited to HBO, HBO Asia, HBO Central Europe, HBO Latin America, Cinemax and E! Latin America Channel. The Turner Broadcasting Systems division holds, among others, Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, CNN, HTV, TBS, HLN, Turner Classic Movies and Tuner Network Television. Also, The Warner Bros Entertainment Group, Warner Bros Consumer Products and Warner Bros Studio Facilities. Time Inc’s holdings include Time, Health, Money, Sports Illustrated, Fortune Entertainment Weekly and Essence. In April 2011, Time Warner Cable In and Viacom Inc sued each other’s company in federal court over a dispute over broadcasting rights on portable electronic devices. Warner Bros was founded in 1918 as Warner Bros Studios and then was founded in 1923 as Warner Bros Pictures. Time Inc was founded in 1922. Home Box Office was founded in 1972 (HBO). Turner Broadcasting System was founded in 1970. One of Time Warner’s televisions channels CNN has been accused of perpetrating media bias for allegedly promoting both a conservative and a liberal agenda based on previous incidents. Accuracy in Media and the Media Research Center has claimed that CNN's reporting contains liberal editorializing within news stories. However, CNN are more towards being a liberal company as they are very pro immigration and anti-war, this would be shown throughout the whole of the company and shown in all the different types of media Time Warner has. In my opinion, Time Warner is a good company to be a conglomerate company because it is telling their viewers what things are wrong and this is good because it stops people from doing the things that are seen as bad.

Disney-

The Walt Disney Company (NYSE: DIS) (commonly referred to as Disney) is the largest media conglomerate in the world in terms of revenue. Founded on October 16, 1923, by Walt Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio the company was reincorporated as Walt Disney Productions, Ltd. in 1929, and became publicly-traded as Walt Disney Productions in 1938. Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader in the American animation industry before diversifying into live-action film production, television, and travel. Taking on its current name in 1986, The Walt Disney Company expanded its existing operations and also started divisions focused upon theatre, radio, publishing, and online media. In addition, it has created new divisions of the company in order to market more mature content than it typically associates with its flagship family-oriented brands. Walt Disney has taken over quite a few other companies. Such as the ABC broadcasting television network, they also own the ABC Family publishing and merchandising. Disney owns the company ESPN which is a cable television network. Disney also merged with Pixar in 2006 when Disney bought the company and there has been a lot of success with the merge. Walt Disney Pictures was founded in 1929 where the company started making live-action films. Walt Disney Animation Studios was founded in 1923 where the company started making animated featured films, with characters such as Mickey Mouse. Walt Disney Theatrical Productions was founded around 1994 where the company had shows on at theatres. Disney took over the company ABC in 1954. Walt Disney is a conglomerates company as it is a company that owns large amounts of companies in a different various mass media such as television, radio, publishing, movies and the Internet. I think in my own opinion that it is good that Disney own as much as they do because Disney never produce anything that is not suitable for the viewers, this is good because no one can complain to the company what they have done wrong and because Disney own a lot of different types of the media this stops their target audience listening and watching something that is not appropriate for them. But it could also be seen as a bad thing because Disney is seen as a very racial and anti-Jewish company as in all the short films the voice over’s of the villains in each film are black people. This is made a dispute as a lot of people spoke up to Disney about this as they feel like Disney are discriminating black people saying they are all criminals and villains.

Structure and Ownership of the Media

This is our first assignment for our media where i will be looking at different media industries.